Author – Ritesh Ranjan: NIT Rourkela – India’s solar energy sector is growing rapidly, but installing more solar panels is only one part of the clean-energy challenge. Solar plants must also operate efficiently over their entire lifespan. Dust, bird droppings, industrial pollutants and other debris can accumulate on photovoltaic panels, reducing their ability to generate electricity.
Researchers at the National Institute of Technology Rourkela have developed an Artificial Intelligence-powered autonomous system that could offer a smarter, more sustainable way to monitor and clean solar power plants.
The patented innovation combines federated learning, artificial intelligence, edge computing, predictive maintenance and autonomous cleaning. It is designed to detect problems in real time, recommend cleaning only when required and reduce dependence on manual inspection.
For a country such as India, where many solar plants operate in dusty, dry or industrial environments, the technology could help improve power generation while reducing water consumption and maintenance costs.
Who Developed the AI-Powered Solar Cleaning System?
The system has been developed by researchers from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at NIT Rourkela.
The research team includes:
- Prof. Arun Kumar
- Prof. Bibhudatta Sahoo
- Dr. Lopamudra Hota
- Dr. Biraja Prasad Nayak
The team has secured an Indian patent titled “Federated Learning based Autonomous System and Method for Monitoring and Cleaning Solar Plant.”
The patent represents an important step towards integrating advanced computing technologies with renewable-energy infrastructure. Instead of treating solar panel cleaning as a routine manual activity, the system approaches maintenance as an intelligent, data-driven process.
Why Solar Panel Cleaning Is a Major Challenge
Solar panels need unobstructed exposure to sunlight to generate electricity efficiently. However, panels installed outdoors are constantly exposed to dust, sand, pollution, leaves, bird droppings and changing weather conditions.
In dusty and arid regions, these contaminants can reportedly reduce energy output by as much as 40%. Even smaller efficiency losses can become financially significant when they affect thousands of panels across a large solar farm.
Traditional solar panel cleaning usually follows a fixed schedule. Workers or machines clean panels after a predetermined number of days, regardless of whether every panel actually needs cleaning.
This approach creates several challenges:
- Unnecessary water consumption
- High labour and maintenance costs
- Limited visibility into panel-level performance
- Delayed identification of faults
- Cleaning of panels that may not yet require attention
Water consumption is a particularly important concern. Many large solar plants are located in areas with abundant sunlight but limited water availability. Frequent water-based cleaning can therefore place additional pressure on local resources.
How NIT Rourkela’s Solar Cleaning Technology Works
The NIT Rourkela system uses federated learning to support intelligent monitoring, fault detection and maintenance planning.
Federated learning is a method in which multiple devices or locations can contribute to the training of an AI model without sending all their raw operational data to a central server. Instead, relevant model updates or encrypted information are shared.
In a solar plant, different panels, sensor units or sections of the facility could process information locally. The system could then use this distributed intelligence to identify performance changes, detect possible faults and determine when cleaning is necessary.
Because raw data does not always need to leave the local device, the approach can offer several potential benefits:
- Improved data privacy
- Lower bandwidth requirements
- Better cybersecurity
- Faster local decision-making
- Easier deployment across large solar installations
The use of edge computing is another important part of the innovation. Edge computing allows data to be processed close to where it is generated rather than relying entirely on a distant cloud server.
This can help the system respond more quickly to changes in panel performance or environmental conditions.
Cleaning Panels Only When Necessary
One of the most important features of the patented platform is condition-based cleaning.
Instead of cleaning every panel according to a fixed calendar, the system is designed to evaluate actual operating conditions. It can identify panels or sections that may be affected by dirt, faults or reduced performance and recommend targeted action.
This selective approach could reduce unnecessary cleaning cycles while ensuring that heavily affected panels receive attention at the right time.
The expected benefits include:
- Reduced water consumption
- Lower labour requirements
- Improved solar energy generation
- Faster fault detection
- Lower operating and maintenance expenses
- More efficient use of cleaning equipment
Predictive maintenance may also help plant operators address problems before they lead to major power losses or equipment failure.
A Potentially Cost-Effective Alternative
Many autonomous solar maintenance systems currently available in the market can involve high capital costs. Some systems also provide limited intelligence, focusing mainly on mechanical cleaning rather than advanced monitoring and decision-making.
According to Prof. Bibhudatta Sahoo, the NIT Rourkela technology is expected to provide advanced autonomous capabilities at approximately 10% of the cost of existing systems once it is scaled for field deployment.
This cost advantage could be particularly valuable for small and medium-sized solar operators that may not be able to invest in expensive robotic maintenance systems.
However, the final cost and commercial performance will depend on successful hardware development, field testing, manufacturing and deployment at scale.
Current Technology Readiness Level
The system has been validated through simulation and is currently at Technology Readiness Level 3, commonly known as TRL-3.
At this stage, a technology has demonstrated proof of concept under controlled experimental conditions. It has not yet reached the stage of full-scale commercial deployment.
The next major step for the research team is to develop a physical hardware prototype. This prototype is expected to include Internet of Things sensors and other infrastructure required for real-world monitoring and autonomous operation.
Following prototype development, the system will need to undergo pilot testing at operational solar installations. These trials will help evaluate its reliability, cleaning effectiveness, water savings, cybersecurity and cost advantages under different environmental conditions.
Applications Across the Solar Energy Sector
The technology could potentially be used across several types of solar installations, including:
- Utility-scale solar power plants
- Rooftop photovoltaic systems
- Floating solar farms
- Industrial solar parks
- Smart-city energy infrastructure
- Defence installations
- Remote and off-grid renewable-energy systems
Its distributed and privacy-preserving design could be especially useful for installations where sensitive operational data cannot be freely transferred to external servers.
Remote solar systems could also benefit from autonomous monitoring because frequent manual inspection may be expensive or difficult in isolated locations.
Future Development Plans
The NIT Rourkela research team plans to add more capabilities to the system as it advances.
Possible future features include drone-assisted inspection, multi-agent collaborative cleaning and predictive energy-yield forecasting.
Drones could inspect large solar farms more quickly and identify damaged, dirty or underperforming panels. Multi-agent cleaning would allow several robotic units to coordinate their activities across a solar facility. Predictive forecasting could help operators estimate future electricity generation based on weather, panel condition and historical performance.
Together, these capabilities could create a more comprehensive solar-plant management platform.
Supporting India’s Clean-Energy Goals
The innovation is aligned with India’s broader efforts to expand renewable energy and work towards long-term Net Zero goals.
As solar capacity increases, efficient maintenance will become increasingly important. Poorly maintained panels may generate less power than expected, affecting both financial returns and the reliability of renewable-energy infrastructure.
By combining AI, federated learning, edge computing and autonomous cleaning, the NIT Rourkela system offers a practical example of how digital technologies can address physical infrastructure challenges.
The technology is still at the proof-of-concept stage, and real-world pilot results will ultimately determine its commercial potential. Nevertheless, its focus on targeted cleaning, privacy-preserving intelligence, lower water consumption and affordable deployment makes it a promising development for the solar energy sector.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is NIT Rourkela’s AI-powered solar cleaning system?
It is a patented autonomous platform developed to monitor solar plants, detect faults and recommend or perform cleaning based on actual panel conditions. It combines artificial intelligence, federated learning, edge computing and predictive maintenance.
2. How does federated learning help solar plants?
Federated learning allows devices or different sections of a solar plant to contribute to an AI model without transferring all raw operational data to a central server. This can improve privacy, cybersecurity, bandwidth efficiency and scalability.
3. How can the system reduce water consumption?
The system follows a condition-based approach and recommends cleaning only when panels actually require it. This can prevent unnecessary cleaning cycles and reduce the amount of water used for solar panel maintenance.
4. Is the NIT Rourkela system commercially available?
The technology is currently at TRL-3 and has been validated through simulation. A hardware prototype and real-world pilot testing are still required before large-scale commercial deployment.
5. Where can the technology be used?
The system could be used in utility-scale solar farms, rooftop systems, floating solar installations, industrial parks, smart cities, defence facilities and remote off-grid renewable-energy projects.